What type of hawk

[RifleBowPistol]

Wife saw this in our bird bath this evening. She said something about big bird, I looked outside and saw this hawk in the bird bath. Never seen one that looked like this one before, or that I can remember.

It's a pretty good sized bird. Wonder if it's a juvenile bird?

[wes122984]

i think its a red shouldered hawk

[Brute Killer]

A juvie something

[curtintex]

Population structure and ecological morphology of four species of raptor were studied in three migratory populations. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s Hawks (A. cooperi), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) all migrate through three major flyways in North America, the Goshute Mountains of Nevada, the Manzano Mountains of New Mexico and Cape May Point in New Jersey. Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to elucidate population structure and analysis of morphological characteristics provided information on ecomorphology of the raptors. Geographic population structure was found only in Red-tailed Hawks; Cape May individuals were all of a different haplotype than western individuals. The three other species did not exhibit obvious phylogeographic population structure. Individuals of these three species were predominantly one haplotype with one to a few additional rare haplotypes. All four species exhibited size and shape differences consistent with migration distances, autumn flights being much longer for western than eastern raptors. Those individuals migrating through western flyways had longer wings and tail and lower body weight than eastern individuals. It was predicted that individuals from the Manzanos would be capturing more mammalian and ground-dwelling prey on the breeding grounds. Morphological characteristics for hunting ground-dwelling prey include a short, stout tarsus. Mammalivores are expected to have relatively long bills and short toes. Cooper’s Hawks and Sharp-shinned Hawks were significantly different between flyways for morphological characteristics indicative of foraging habits. Red-tailed Hawks and American Kestrels exhibited no significant differences between flyways for predatory characteristics. In spite of levels of phylogeographic structure that were low or non-existent, raptors exhibit morphological adaptations unique to different flight or predatory habits on the breeding grounds. Natural selection of wing and tail length as a response to migratory distance appears to be very strong in all four species. Response to selection may be through rapid morphological evolution or through phenotypic plasticity. Response to natural selection of predatory characters was only apparent in the accipiters and is also attributed to rapid morphological evolution or phenotypic plasticity.
Over the past 150 years, the shrub-steppe and short-grass prairie habitats that
comprise the bulk of habitat used by Ferruginous Hawks have been supplemented with artificial
nesting substrates introduced by humans, such as windmills, power poles, and abandoned
buildings. Between 1987 and 2002, 100 Artificial Nest Structures (ANS) were erected for
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming, primarily to mitigate for potential disturbances of
natural-gas development. I evaluated 30 years (1976–2006) of nest inventory and monitoring
data from the Rawlins Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management. My objectives were to
determine if ANSs served as an effective mitigation tool, and if so, what characteristics of ANSs
made them so. A nest site’s accessibility to mammalian predators was the most significant (P <
0.001) predictor of fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.29), , nest success (r² = 0.23), and fledglings
produced per successful nest (r² = 0.10). Nest reoccupancy was both a strong predictor of and
positively correlated with fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.45) and nest success (r² = 0.41). Nest
accessibility was the strongest predictor of nest reoccupancy. The mean number of nests per
cluster averaged significantly lower (P < 0.001) and nest success and fledglings per nest start
averaged significantly higher (P < 0.001) after 1990; i.e., during the post-ANS mitigation period
when the majority of nests were located on inaccessible substrates. Results from this study
suggest that ANSs can be an effective tool to mitigate for direct human disturbance, but may be a
suboptimal replacement for high-quality, inaccessible, natural substrates. Future research should
5
be directed at addressing the issues of post-fledgling survival, habitat use, and reproductive
sensitivity to avoid a potential “biological trap.”
KEY WORDS: Ferruginous Hawk; Buteo regalis; Artificial Nesting Structure (ANS); nest
substrate; nesting ecology; natural-gas development; mitigation; Wyoming.
While the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is commonly described as one of the most
sensitive raptors to human disturbance (White and Thurow 1985, Bechard et al. 1990, Olendorff
1993), it is equally depicted as one of the most versatile in use of nest substrates. Historically,
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming commonly nested on the ground, rock
outcroppings, cliffs, trees, and erosional formations. Ferruginous Hawk pairs regularly maintain
1–5 nests within their territories and usually have at least one alternate nest (Weston and Ellis
1968, Smith and Murphy 1978). Over the past 150 years, Ferruginous Hawks have been
observed nesting on a variety of manmade substrates, including chimneys or roofs of abandoned
buildings, windmills, haystacks, power-line towers, and in trees planted for shelterbelts (Gaines
1985, Olendorff 1993). In recent decades, Ferruginous Hawks have also nested on natural-gas
well structures, such as condensation tanks (Tigner and Call 1996).
In the late 1970s, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) managers and biologists in the
Rawlins Field Office (RFO) of Wyoming became concerned about the proximity of proposed
natural-gas developments to historically active Ferruginous Hawk nests or prime foraging areas
(B. Tigner pers. comm.). The first pair of Ferruginous Hawks to nest within the RFO on a 6-m
tall, cylindrical condensation tank was observed in 1981. While these structures offer a flat and
elevated substrate for nesting, they require regular maintenance visits by natural-gas company
operators. As more condensation tanks were installed throughout the region, more Ferruginous
Hawk nests were built on them. Many of these nests were destroyed or maintenance activities
6
prompted nest abandonment by breeding adults. The RFO (as of July 2006) supports more than
4,258 conventional natural-gas wells and 5,352 km of oil and gas roads, with much more limited
oil and recently a growing number of coal bed-methane extraction facilities.
During fall 1987, the BLM and some of the areas natural-gas companies cooperated in
erecting 11 artificial nesting structures (ANSs), in hopes of attracting hawks away from
condensation tanks and other hazardous substrates, which they believed were having a negative
impact on Ferruginous Hawk nesting success. By 1991, 31 ANSs were installed, and by 2004
105 ANSs had been installed within the RFO (five intended for use by Golden Eagles Aquilla
chrysaetos).
ANSs installed for Ferruginous Hawks consist of a 3.5-m tall pressure-treated post sunk 1 m in the ground (nest platform 2.5 m above ground), which supports a 2 in x 6 in (3.1 cm x 9.2 cm) board framework. The framework is bolted to the top of the post and is typically 1 m2, with a longer 2 in. x 6 in. board extending to one side to provide a perch (Fig. 3.1). Hardware cloth is stapled to the top of the structures to provide a base for the beginnings of a sagebrush (Artemisiaspp.) "nest wreath." Many early prototypes were constructed with limber pine (Pinus flexilis) branches extending above the nest to help stabilize nest materials and nestlings, and to deter avian predators (Tigner and Call 1996). ANS s installed for Golden Eagles are 8-m tall and have a three-sided blind to reduce visibility. Initial results for the 1988–1991 breeding seasons indicated that Ferruginous Hawk nests on ANSs produced an average of 2.7 fledglings per nest start.

Probably a Juvenile Red-Tailed.

[Avid Hunter]

population structure and ecological morphology of four species of raptor were studied in three migratory populations. Sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), cooper’s hawks (a. Cooperi), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and american kestrels (falco sparverius) all migrate through three major flyways in north america, the goshute mountains of nevada, the manzano mountains of new mexico and cape may point in new jersey. Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial dna was used to elucidate population structure and analysis of morphological characteristics provided information on ecomorphology of the raptors. Geographic population structure was found only in red-tailed hawks; cape may individuals were all of a different haplotype than western individuals. The three other species did not exhibit obvious phylogeographic population structure. Individuals of these three species were predominantly one haplotype with one to a few additional rare haplotypes. All four species exhibited size and shape differences consistent with migration distances, autumn flights being much longer for western than eastern raptors. Those individuals migrating through western flyways had longer wings and tail and lower body weight than eastern individuals. It was predicted that individuals from the manzanos would be capturing more mammalian and ground-dwelling prey on the breeding grounds. Morphological characteristics for hunting ground-dwelling prey include a short, stout tarsus. Mammalivores are expected to have relatively long bills and short toes. Cooper’s hawks and sharp-shinned hawks were significantly different between flyways for morphological characteristics indicative of foraging habits. Red-tailed hawks and american kestrels exhibited no significant differences between flyways for predatory characteristics. In spite of levels of phylogeographic structure that were low or non-existent, raptors exhibit morphological adaptations unique to different flight or predatory habits on the breeding grounds. Natural selection of wing and tail length as a response to migratory distance appears to be very strong in all four species. Response to selection may be through rapid morphological evolution or through phenotypic plasticity. Response to natural selection of predatory characters was only apparent in the accipiters and is also attributed to rapid morphological evolution or phenotypic plasticity.
Over the past 150 years, the shrub-steppe and short-grass prairie habitats that
comprise the bulk of habitat used by ferruginous hawks have been supplemented with artificial
nesting substrates introduced by humans, such as windmills, power poles, and abandoned
buildings. Between 1987 and 2002, 100 artificial nest structures (ans) were erected for
ferruginous hawks in south-central wyoming, primarily to mitigate for potential disturbances of
natural-gas development. I evaluated 30 years (1976–2006) of nest inventory and monitoring
data from the rawlins field office of the bureau of land management. My objectives were to
determine if anss served as an effective mitigation tool, and if so, what characteristics of anss
made them so. A nest site’s accessibility to mammalian predators was the most significant (p <
0.001) predictor of fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.29), , nest success (r² = 0.23), and fledglings
produced per successful nest (r² = 0.10). Nest reoccupancy was both a strong predictor of and
positively correlated with fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.45) and nest success (r² = 0.41). Nest
accessibility was the strongest predictor of nest reoccupancy. The mean number of nests per
cluster averaged significantly lower (p < 0.001) and nest success and fledglings per nest start
averaged significantly higher (p < 0.001) after 1990; i.e., during the post-ans mitigation period
when the majority of nests were located on inaccessible substrates. Results from this study
suggest that anss can be an effective tool to mitigate for direct human disturbance, but may be a
suboptimal replacement for high-quality, inaccessible, natural substrates. Future research should
5
be directed at addressing the issues of post-fledgling survival, habitat use, and reproductive
sensitivity to avoid a potential “biological trap.”
key words: Ferruginous hawk; buteo regalis; artificial nesting structure (ans); nest
substrate; nesting ecology; natural-gas development; mitigation; wyoming.
While the ferruginous hawk (buteo regalis) is commonly described as one of the most
sensitive raptors to human disturbance (white and thurow 1985, bechard et al. 1990, olendorff
1993), it is equally depicted as one of the most versatile in use of nest substrates. Historically,
ferruginous hawks in south-central wyoming commonly nested on the ground, rock
outcroppings, cliffs, trees, and erosional formations. Ferruginous hawk pairs regularly maintain
1–5 nests within their territories and usually have at least one alternate nest (weston and ellis
1968, smith and murphy 1978). Over the past 150 years, ferruginous hawks have been
observed nesting on a variety of manmade substrates, including chimneys or roofs of abandoned
buildings, windmills, haystacks, power-line towers, and in trees planted for shelterbelts (gaines
1985, olendorff 1993). In recent decades, ferruginous hawks have also nested on natural-gas
well structures, such as condensation tanks (tigner and call 1996).
In the late 1970s, bureau of land management (blm) managers and biologists in the
rawlins field office (rfo) of wyoming became concerned about the proximity of proposed
natural-gas developments to historically active ferruginous hawk nests or prime foraging areas
(b. Tigner pers. Comm.). The first pair of ferruginous hawks to nest within the rfo on a 6-m
tall, cylindrical condensation tank was observed in 1981. While these structures offer a flat and
elevated substrate for nesting, they require regular maintenance visits by natural-gas company
operators. As more condensation tanks were installed throughout the region, more ferruginous
hawk nests were built on them. Many of these nests were destroyed or maintenance activities
6
prompted nest abandonment by breeding adults. The rfo (as of july 2006) supports more than
4,258 conventional natural-gas wells and 5,352 km of oil and gas roads, with much more limited
oil and recently a growing number of coal bed-methane extraction facilities.
During fall 1987, the blm and some of the areas natural-gas companies cooperated in
erecting 11 artificial nesting structures (anss), in hopes of attracting hawks away from
condensation tanks and other hazardous substrates, which they believed were having a negative
impact on ferruginous hawk nesting success. By 1991, 31 anss were installed, and by 2004
105 anss had been installed within the rfo (five intended for use by golden eagles aquilla
chrysaetos).
Anss installed for ferruginous hawks consist of a 3.5-m tall pressure-treated post sunk 1 m in the ground (nest platform 2.5 m above ground), which supports a 2 in x 6 in (3.1 cm x 9.2 cm) board framework. The framework is bolted to the top of the post and is typically 1 m2, with a longer 2 in. X 6 in. Board extending to one side to provide a perch (fig. 3.1). Hardware cloth is stapled to the top of the structures to provide a base for the beginnings of a sagebrush (artemisiaspp.) "nest wreath." many early prototypes were constructed with limber pine (pinus flexilis) branches extending above the nest to help stabilize nest materials and nestlings, and to deter avian predators (tigner and call 1996). Ans s installed for golden eagles are 8-m tall and have a three-sided blind to reduce visibility. Initial results for the 1988–1991 breeding seasons indicated that ferruginous hawk nests on anss produced an average of 2.7 fledglings per nest start.

Probably a juvenile red-tailed.:d:d:d

good grief!!!

[Mayhem]

[emoji1787]


Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk

[RifleBowPistol]

Population structure and ecological morphology of four species of raptor were studied in three migratory populations. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s Hawks (A. cooperi), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) all migrate through three major flyways in North America, the Goshute Mountains of Nevada, the Manzano Mountains of New Mexico and Cape May Point in New Jersey. Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to elucidate population structure and analysis of morphological characteristics provided information on ecomorphology of the raptors. Geographic population structure was found only in Red-tailed Hawks; Cape May individuals were all of a different haplotype than western individuals. The three other species did not exhibit obvious phylogeographic population structure. Individuals of these three species were predominantly one haplotype with one to a few additional rare haplotypes. All four species exhibited size and shape differences consistent with migration distances, autumn flights being much longer for western than eastern raptors. Those individuals migrating through western flyways had longer wings and tail and lower body weight than eastern individuals. It was predicted that individuals from the Manzanos would be capturing more mammalian and ground-dwelling prey on the breeding grounds. Morphological characteristics for hunting ground-dwelling prey include a short, stout tarsus. Mammalivores are expected to have relatively long bills and short toes. Cooper’s Hawks and Sharp-shinned Hawks were significantly different between flyways for morphological characteristics indicative of foraging habits. Red-tailed Hawks and American Kestrels exhibited no significant differences between flyways for predatory characteristics. In spite of levels of phylogeographic structure that were low or non-existent, raptors exhibit morphological adaptations unique to different flight or predatory habits on the breeding grounds. Natural selection of wing and tail length as a response to migratory distance appears to be very strong in all four species. Response to selection may be through rapid morphological evolution or through phenotypic plasticity. Response to natural selection of predatory characters was only apparent in the accipiters and is also attributed to rapid morphological evolution or phenotypic plasticity.
Over the past 150 years, the shrub-steppe and short-grass prairie habitats that
comprise the bulk of habitat used by Ferruginous Hawks have been supplemented with artificial
nesting substrates introduced by humans, such as windmills, power poles, and abandoned
buildings. Between 1987 and 2002, 100 Artificial Nest Structures (ANS) were erected for
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming, primarily to mitigate for potential disturbances of
natural-gas development. I evaluated 30 years (1976–2006) of nest inventory and monitoring
data from the Rawlins Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management. My objectives were to
determine if ANSs served as an effective mitigation tool, and if so, what characteristics of ANSs
made them so. A nest site’s accessibility to mammalian predators was the most significant (P <
0.001) predictor of fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.29), , nest success (r² = 0.23), and fledglings
produced per successful nest (r² = 0.10). Nest reoccupancy was both a strong predictor of and
positively correlated with fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.45) and nest success (r² = 0.41). Nest
accessibility was the strongest predictor of nest reoccupancy. The mean number of nests per
cluster averaged significantly lower (P < 0.001) and nest success and fledglings per nest start
averaged significantly higher (P < 0.001) after 1990; i.e., during the post-ANS mitigation period
when the majority of nests were located on inaccessible substrates. Results from this study
suggest that ANSs can be an effective tool to mitigate for direct human disturbance, but may be a
suboptimal replacement for high-quality, inaccessible, natural substrates. Future research should
5
be directed at addressing the issues of post-fledgling survival, habitat use, and reproductive
sensitivity to avoid a potential “biological trap.”
KEY WORDS: Ferruginous Hawk; Buteo regalis; Artificial Nesting Structure (ANS); nest
substrate; nesting ecology; natural-gas development; mitigation; Wyoming.
While the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is commonly described as one of the most
sensitive raptors to human disturbance (White and Thurow 1985, Bechard et al. 1990, Olendorff
1993), it is equally depicted as one of the most versatile in use of nest substrates. Historically,
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming commonly nested on the ground, rock
outcroppings, cliffs, trees, and erosional formations. Ferruginous Hawk pairs regularly maintain
1–5 nests within their territories and usually have at least one alternate nest (Weston and Ellis
1968, Smith and Murphy 1978). Over the past 150 years, Ferruginous Hawks have been
observed nesting on a variety of manmade substrates, including chimneys or roofs of abandoned
buildings, windmills, haystacks, power-line towers, and in trees planted for shelterbelts (Gaines
1985, Olendorff 1993). In recent decades, Ferruginous Hawks have also nested on natural-gas
well structures, such as condensation tanks (Tigner and Call 1996).
In the late 1970s, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) managers and biologists in the
Rawlins Field Office (RFO) of Wyoming became concerned about the proximity of proposed
natural-gas developments to historically active Ferruginous Hawk nests or prime foraging areas
(B. Tigner pers. comm.). The first pair of Ferruginous Hawks to nest within the RFO on a 6-m
tall, cylindrical condensation tank was observed in 1981. While these structures offer a flat and
elevated substrate for nesting, they require regular maintenance visits by natural-gas company
operators. As more condensation tanks were installed throughout the region, more Ferruginous
Hawk nests were built on them. Many of these nests were destroyed or maintenance activities
6
prompted nest abandonment by breeding adults. The RFO (as of July 2006) supports more than
4,258 conventional natural-gas wells and 5,352 km of oil and gas roads, with much more limited
oil and recently a growing number of coal bed-methane extraction facilities.
During fall 1987, the BLM and some of the areas natural-gas companies cooperated in
erecting 11 artificial nesting structures (ANSs), in hopes of attracting hawks away from
condensation tanks and other hazardous substrates, which they believed were having a negative
impact on Ferruginous Hawk nesting success. By 1991, 31 ANSs were installed, and by 2004
105 ANSs had been installed within the RFO (five intended for use by Golden Eagles Aquilla
chrysaetos).
ANSs installed for Ferruginous Hawks consist of a 3.5-m tall pressure-treated post sunk 1 m in the ground (nest platform 2.5 m above ground), which supports a 2 in x 6 in (3.1 cm x 9.2 cm) board framework. The framework is bolted to the top of the post and is typically 1 m2, with a longer 2 in. x 6 in. board extending to one side to provide a perch (Fig. 3.1). Hardware cloth is stapled to the top of the structures to provide a base for the beginnings of a sagebrush (Artemisiaspp.) "nest wreath." Many early prototypes were constructed with limber pine (Pinus flexilis) branches extending above the nest to help stabilize nest materials and nestlings, and to deter avian predators (Tigner and Call 1996). ANS s installed for Golden Eagles are 8-m tall and have a three-sided blind to reduce visibility. Initial results for the 1988–1991 breeding seasons indicated that Ferruginous Hawk nests on ANSs produced an average of 2.7 fledglings per nest start.

Probably a Juvenile Red-Tailed.

I used to think I knew what a Red-Tailed looked like, but then after seeing all of the many discussions on hawks on here over the years. I decided I don't know what a Red-tailed hawk looks like. I used to say, if it had a reddish colored chest and black and white striped tail feathers, it was a red-tailed. But that don't seem to be the case all the time.

When this bird flew off, it really looked like what I thought Red-tailed hawks look like.

[ACbob]

Population structure and ecological morphology of four species of raptor were studied in three migratory populations. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s Hawks (A. cooperi), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) all migrate through three major flyways in North America, the Goshute Mountains of Nevada, the Manzano Mountains of New Mexico and Cape May Point in New Jersey. Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to elucidate population structure and analysis of morphological characteristics provided information on ecomorphology of the raptors. Geographic population structure was found only in Red-tailed Hawks; Cape May individuals were all of a different haplotype than western individuals. The three other species did not exhibit obvious phylogeographic population structure. Individuals of these three species were predominantly one haplotype with one to a few additional rare haplotypes. All four species exhibited size and shape differences consistent with migration distances, autumn flights being much longer for western than eastern raptors. Those individuals migrating through western flyways had longer wings and tail and lower body weight than eastern individuals. It was predicted that individuals from the Manzanos would be capturing more mammalian and ground-dwelling prey on the breeding grounds. Morphological characteristics for hunting ground-dwelling prey include a short, stout tarsus. Mammalivores are expected to have relatively long bills and short toes. Cooper’s Hawks and Sharp-shinned Hawks were significantly different between flyways for morphological characteristics indicative of foraging habits. Red-tailed Hawks and American Kestrels exhibited no significant differences between flyways for predatory characteristics. In spite of levels of phylogeographic structure that were low or non-existent, raptors exhibit morphological adaptations unique to different flight or predatory habits on the breeding grounds. Natural selection of wing and tail length as a response to migratory distance appears to be very strong in all four species. Response to selection may be through rapid morphological evolution or through phenotypic plasticity. Response to natural selection of predatory characters was only apparent in the accipiters and is also attributed to rapid morphological evolution or phenotypic plasticity.
Over the past 150 years, the shrub-steppe and short-grass prairie habitats that
comprise the bulk of habitat used by Ferruginous Hawks have been supplemented with artificial
nesting substrates introduced by humans, such as windmills, power poles, and abandoned
buildings. Between 1987 and 2002, 100 Artificial Nest Structures (ANS) were erected for
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming, primarily to mitigate for potential disturbances of
natural-gas development. I evaluated 30 years (1976–2006) of nest inventory and monitoring
data from the Rawlins Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management. My objectives were to
determine if ANSs served as an effective mitigation tool, and if so, what characteristics of ANSs
made them so. A nest site’s accessibility to mammalian predators was the most significant (P <
0.001) predictor of fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.29), , nest success (r² = 0.23), and fledglings
produced per successful nest (r² = 0.10). Nest reoccupancy was both a strong predictor of and
positively correlated with fledglings per nest start (r² = 0.45) and nest success (r² = 0.41). Nest
accessibility was the strongest predictor of nest reoccupancy. The mean number of nests per
cluster averaged significantly lower (P < 0.001) and nest success and fledglings per nest start
averaged significantly higher (P < 0.001) after 1990; i.e., during the post-ANS mitigation period
when the majority of nests were located on inaccessible substrates. Results from this study
suggest that ANSs can be an effective tool to mitigate for direct human disturbance, but may be a
suboptimal replacement for high-quality, inaccessible, natural substrates. Future research should
5
be directed at addressing the issues of post-fledgling survival, habitat use, and reproductive
sensitivity to avoid a potential “biological trap.”
KEY WORDS: Ferruginous Hawk; Buteo regalis; Artificial Nesting Structure (ANS); nest
substrate; nesting ecology; natural-gas development; mitigation; Wyoming.
While the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is commonly described as one of the most
sensitive raptors to human disturbance (White and Thurow 1985, Bechard et al. 1990, Olendorff
1993), it is equally depicted as one of the most versatile in use of nest substrates. Historically,
Ferruginous Hawks in south-central Wyoming commonly nested on the ground, rock
outcroppings, cliffs, trees, and erosional formations. Ferruginous Hawk pairs regularly maintain
1–5 nests within their territories and usually have at least one alternate nest (Weston and Ellis
1968, Smith and Murphy 1978). Over the past 150 years, Ferruginous Hawks have been
observed nesting on a variety of manmade substrates, including chimneys or roofs of abandoned
buildings, windmills, haystacks, power-line towers, and in trees planted for shelterbelts (Gaines
1985, Olendorff 1993). In recent decades, Ferruginous Hawks have also nested on natural-gas
well structures, such as condensation tanks (Tigner and Call 1996).
In the late 1970s, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) managers and biologists in the
Rawlins Field Office (RFO) of Wyoming became concerned about the proximity of proposed
natural-gas developments to historically active Ferruginous Hawk nests or prime foraging areas
(B. Tigner pers. comm.). The first pair of Ferruginous Hawks to nest within the RFO on a 6-m
tall, cylindrical condensation tank was observed in 1981. While these structures offer a flat and
elevated substrate for nesting, they require regular maintenance visits by natural-gas company
operators. As more condensation tanks were installed throughout the region, more Ferruginous
Hawk nests were built on them. Many of these nests were destroyed or maintenance activities
6
prompted nest abandonment by breeding adults. The RFO (as of July 2006) supports more than
4,258 conventional natural-gas wells and 5,352 km of oil and gas roads, with much more limited
oil and recently a growing number of coal bed-methane extraction facilities.
During fall 1987, the BLM and some of the areas natural-gas companies cooperated in
erecting 11 artificial nesting structures (ANSs), in hopes of attracting hawks away from
condensation tanks and other hazardous substrates, which they believed were having a negative
impact on Ferruginous Hawk nesting success. By 1991, 31 ANSs were installed, and by 2004
105 ANSs had been installed within the RFO (five intended for use by Golden Eagles Aquilla
chrysaetos).
ANSs installed for Ferruginous Hawks consist of a 3.5-m tall pressure-treated post sunk 1 m in the ground (nest platform 2.5 m above ground), which supports a 2 in x 6 in (3.1 cm x 9.2 cm) board framework. The framework is bolted to the top of the post and is typically 1 m2, with a longer 2 in. x 6 in. board extending to one side to provide a perch (Fig. 3.1). Hardware cloth is stapled to the top of the structures to provide a base for the beginnings of a sagebrush (Artemisiaspp.) "nest wreath." Many early prototypes were constructed with limber pine (Pinus flexilis) branches extending above the nest to help stabilize nest materials and nestlings, and to deter avian predators (Tigner and Call 1996). ANS s installed for Golden Eagles are 8-m tall and have a three-sided blind to reduce visibility. Initial results for the 1988–1991 breeding seasons indicated that Ferruginous Hawk nests on ANSs produced an average of 2.7 fledglings per nest start.

Probably a Juvenile Red-Tailed.

Best explanation I've seen, hands down.

[Boss Buck]

Why boy your not a chicken hawk,why I say boy you listening to me! I have no clue there was a novel about them.

[Boss Buck]

Ok just did a speed read. There some Arkansas stuff with on with the Cooopers and them ther others! I be jus sayn. GLWA. Hope ya got a laugh! I did

[Preacher Man]

Red shouldered hawk

[Quackerbox]

.

Sent from my SM-G970U using Tapatalk

[sasqy]

Thirsty hawk !

[sailor]

I took a college course, shorter than that..

[Pstraw]

.[ATTACH]1098879[/ATTACH]

Sent from my SM-G970U using Tapatalk

Come on man.
I had most of a 4 year education and never heard most of this stuff.

Curt, can you 'splain all that to me in ETex English. Real slow.